Direct or quoted speech is a sentence (or several sentences) that reports speech or thought in its original form phrased by the original speaker. It is usually enclosed inquotation marks. The cited speaker is either mentioned in the inquit (Latin "he/she says") or implied.
8. He says, ‘I am glad to be here this evening.’
9. He said to me, ‘What are you doing?’
10. ‘Where is the post office?’ asked the stranger.
11. He said, ‘Will you listen to me?’
12. John said to Peter, ‘Go away.’
13. She said to me, ‘Please wait here till I return.’
a. She ask me to wait there till she returned.
17. Teacher : Why was Mary absent yesterday?
Jenifer : What did the teacher want to know, Ferdy?
Ferdy : he wanted to know ____
a. if Mary was absent d. that Mary had been absent
b. why Mary was absent
c. why Mary had been absent
Indirect speech, also called reported speech or indirect discourse, is a means of expressing the content of statements, questions or other utterances, without quoting them explicitly as is done in direct speech. For example, He said "I'm coming" is direct speech, whereas He said (that) he was coming is indirect speech. Indirect speech should not be confused with indirect speech acts.
In grammar, indirect speech often makes use of certain syntactic structures such as content clauses ("that" clauses, such as (that) he was coming), and sometimes infinitive phrases. References to questions in indirect speech frequently take the form of interrogative content clauses, also called indirect questions (such as whether he was coming).
In indirect speech certain grammatical categories are changed relative to the words of the original sentence. For example, person may change as a result of a change of speaker or listener (as I changes to he in the example above). In some languages, including English, the tense of verbs is often changed – this is often called sequence of tenses. Some languages have a change of mood: Latin switches from indicative to the infinitive (for statements) or the subjunctive (for questions).
When written, indirect speech is not normally enclosed in quotation marks or any similar typographical devices for indicating that a direct quotation is being made. However such devices are sometimes used to indicate that the indirect speech is a faithful quotation of someone's words (with additional devices such as square brackets and ellipses to indicate deviations or omissions from those words), as in He informed us that "after dinner [he] would like to make an announcement".
Comparison between direct and indirect speech
- Quoted or direct speech:
- He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. "And just what pleasure have I found, since I came into this world?" he asked.
- Reported or normal indirect speech:
- He laid down his bundle and thought of his misfortune. He asked himself what pleasure he had found since he came into the world.
A crucial semantic distinction between direct and indirect speech is that when one uses direct speech the reported clause is exactly what has been said, whereas indirect speech is a representation of speech in one's own words.
Pengertian Direct Speech dan Indirect Speech
Direct speech adalah suatu cara melaporkan apa yang seseorang telah katakan atau tulis dengan mengutip persis kata-katanya. Kata-kata tersebut diapit oleh tanda baca quotation marks (tanda kutip).
Indirect Speech adalah kalimat yang bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya. Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”. Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan bentuk waktu reporting verb.
Contoh:
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech | Keterangan |
|---|---|---|
| “Should I see the dentist tomorrow?” asked Tommy. (Haruskah saya menemui dokter gigi besok?) | Tommy asked if he should see the dentist the following day. | Capital letter: Karena dilebur dalam kalimat, should ditulis dengan huruf kecil Pronoun: 1st person “I” diubah menjadi 3rd person “he”; Time: tomorrow diubah menjadi the following day |
| “I have read the book three times,” he said. (Saya telah membaca buku tsb tiga kali.) | He said that he had read this book three times. (Dia mengatakan bahwa dia telah membaca buku tsb tiga kali.) | Verb: present perfect tense “have read” diubah menjadi past perfect tense “had read” |
Penjelasan rinci tentang Direct and Indirect Speech
Untuk lebih memahami perbedaan antara direct speeh dengan indirect speech dapat dilihat dari contoh dibawah ini :
• He said : “ I am very hungry” (Direct speech)
• He said that he was very hungry (Indirect speech)
Catatan :
Dari contoh diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa perbedaan antara direct speech dan indirect speech adalah bahwa dalam direct speech atau kalimat langsung memakai tanda kutip sedangkan dalam indirect speech atau kalimat tidak langsung tanda kutip tidak dipakai.
Direct dan Indirect speech dapat dibagi dalam 3 bagian :
1. Command (Perintah)
2. Statement (Pernyataan)
3. Question (Pertanyaan)
Penjelasan Tentang Statement
STATEMENT(Pernyataan)
Dalam indirect statement, “that” digunakan sebagai penghubung antar kalimat pengantar dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan (reported speech)
Kalimat pengantar dalam statement :
He said
+that+reported words
He told me
Catatan:
Ada beberapa perubahan perubahan dari Direct ke Indirect Speech
1. To be and Auxiliries
2. Time and Place
3. Tenses
Perubahan-perubahan Tenses dari Direct ke Indirect Speech :
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
| ||
1
|
» Simple Present Tenses
|
» Simple Past Tenses
| ||
+
|
S + V1(s,es) + o/c
|
+
|
S + V2 + o/c
| |
-
|
S + Do/Does + V1 + o/c
|
-
|
S + Did + Not + V1 + o/c
| |
?
|
Do/Does + S + V1 + o/c
|
?
|
Did + S + V1 + o/c
| |
Mother said, “I go to the market today”
|
Mother said that she went to the market that day
| |||
2
|
» Present Continuous Tenses
|
» Past Continuous Tenses
| ||
+
|
S + TOBE(Is, Am, Are) + V1 + Ing
|
+
|
S + TOBE(Was,Were) + V1 + Ing
| |
-
|
S + TOBE(Is, Am, Are) + Not + V1 + Ing
|
-
|
S + TOBE(Was,Were) + Not + V1 + Ing
| |
?
|
TOBE(Is, Am, Are) + S + V1 + Ing
|
?
|
TOBE(Was,Were) + S + V1 + Ing
| |
Andi says, “I am going to school”
|
Andi says that he was going to school
| |||
3
|
» Present Perfect Tenses
|
» Past Perfect Tenses
| ||
+
|
S + Have/Has + V3
|
+
|
S + Had + V3
| |
-
|
S + Have/Has + Not + V3
|
-
|
S + Had + Not + V3
| |
?
|
Have/Has + S + V3
|
?
|
Had + S + V3
| |
The Teachers said, “We have some tests for you”
|
The Teachers said that they have some tests for you
| |||
4
|
» Present Perfect Continuous Tenses
|
» Past Perfect Continuous Tenses
| ||
+
|
S + Have/Has + Been + V1 + ing
|
+
|
S + Had + Been + V1 + Ing
| |
-
|
S + Have/Has + Been + Not + V1 + ing
|
-
|
S + Had + Been + Not V1 + Ing
| |
?
|
Have/Has + S + Been + V1 + ing
|
?
|
Had + S + Been + V1 + Ing
| |
Sherry said, “I have been reading the book
|
Sherry said that she had been reading the book
| |||
5
|
» Simple Past Tenses
|
» Past Pefect Tenses
| ||
+
|
S + V2 + o/c
|
+
|
S + Had + V3
| |
-
|
S + Did + Not + V1 + o/c
|
-
|
S + Had + Not + V3
| |
?
|
Did + S + V1 + o/c
|
?
|
Had + S + V3
| |
Otoosan said, “I ate that food yesterday”
|
Otoosan said that he had eaten those food the previous day
| |||
6
|
» Past Continuous Tenses
|
» Past Perfect Continuous Tenses
| ||
+
|
S + TOBE(Was,Were) + V1 + Ing
|
+
|
S + Had + Been + V1 + Ing
| |
-
|
S + TOBE(Was,Were) + Not + V1 + Ing
|
-
|
S + Had + Been + Not V1 + Ing
| |
?
|
TOBE(Was,Were) + S + V1 + Ing
|
?
|
Had + S + Been + V1 + Ing
| |
Kudo said, “My parents were goin to my grandma’s house last night”
|
Kudo said that his parents had been going to his grandma’s house the previous night
| |||
7
|
» Simple Future Tenses
|
» Past Future Tenses
| ||
+
|
S + Will/Shall + V1
|
+
|
S + Would/Should + V1
| |
-
|
S + Will/Shall + Not + V1
|
-
|
S + Would/Should + Not + V1
| |
?
|
Will /Shall + S + V1
|
?
|
Would/Should + Not + V1
| |
Conan said, “My family will come from Japan”
|
Conan said that his family would go from Japan
| |||
EXERCISE
1. Michaela : ‘Don’t be noisy, Rangga. your brother is sleeping.’
Rangga : ‘Okay’
Michaela : ‘What did your aunt just tell you?’
Rangga : ‘She told me ___ because the baby was sleeping.’
a. I wasn’t so noisy
b. Not to be so noisy
c. Don’t be noisy
d. To be not so noisy
Jawaban : B ( direct : don’t + be maka indirect: not + to be)
2. He asked me whether he ___ my car to go to the party.
a. Might borrow
b. May borrow
c. Would borrow
d. Can borrow
Jawaban : A ( indirect : may become might)
3. Doctor : ‘Open your mouth!’
Mother : ‘What did the doctor tell you?’
Son : ‘The doctor told me ___ ‘
a. Whether I open my mouth
b. To open my mouth
c. Opened my mouth
d. If I opened my mouth
Jawaban : D (direct: V1 + O maka direct: to V1 + O)
4. Dono : ‘Do you want rice ball or mushroom?’
Dono asked me...
a. That I wanted fried rice or fried chicken
b. If I want fried rice or fried chicken
c. Whether I wanted rice ball or mushroom
d. I want fried rice or fried chicken
Jawaban: C (direct: do/does + S +V1 maka indirect: if/whether + S + V2)
5. As the road had become very slippery after the rain, I told the bus driver...
a. Not speeding
b. Not to speed
c. Do not speed
d. He does not speed
Jawaban: B (Indirect: not to speed)
Question number 6 - 15 Turn into Indirect Speech
6. He said, ‘The horse has been fed.
a. He said that the horse had been fed.
b. He told that the horse have been fed.
c. He say that the horse had been fed.
Jawaban A: has been = had been
7. He said to me, ‘I don’t believe you.’
a. He said he don't believe me
b. He said he didn’t believe me.
c. He tell he don't believe me
Jawaban B: don't = didn't
8. He says, ‘I am glad to be here this evening.’
a. He said that he is glad to be here this evening.
b. He says that he is glad to be here this evening.
c. He saying that he is glad to be here this evening.
Jawaban B: says still says not change because simple present
a. He ask me what I was doing.
b. He asking me what I'm doing.
c. He asked me what I was doing.
Jawaban C: said become asked and are you = i was
a. The stranger asked where the post office was.
b. The stranger ask where the post office was.
c. The stranger asking where the post office was.
Jawaban A: Stranger asked, is = was
a. He ask me if I would listen to him.
b. He asked me if I would listen to him.
c. He asked me if I will listen to him.
Jawaban B: said = asked, will = would
a. John order Peter to go away.
b. John ordering Peter to go away.
c. John ordered Peter to go away.
Jawaban C: Ordered because its a command
13. She said to me, ‘Please wait here till I return.’
a. She ask me to wait there till she returned.
b. She asked me to wait there till she returned.
c. She ask me to wait there till she return.
Jawaban B: said = asked, returned
14. ‘Call the witness,’ said the judge.
a. The judge commanded them to call the witness.
a. The judge commanded them to call the witness.
b. The judge command them to call the witness.
c. The judge command him to call the witness.
Jawaban A: Commanded
15. The speaker said, ‘Be quiet and listen to my words.’
a. He urged them to be quiet and listen to them.
b. He urged him to be quiet and listen.
c. He urge them to be quiet and listen to them.
Jawaban A: urged is command
16. Beckham : Did you know what Fingo said yesterday?
Raul : Of course. He said ____ the previous day.
a. had gone to his country
b. he has gone to his country
c. he will go to his country
Raul : Of course. He said ____ the previous day.
a. had gone to his country
b. he has gone to his country
c. he will go to his country
Jawaban : A ( kalau kalimat langsung/direct simple past, indirect/tdk langsung harus past perfect)
17. Teacher : Why was Mary absent yesterday?
Jenifer : What did the teacher want to know, Ferdy?
Ferdy : he wanted to know ____
a. if Mary was absent d. that Mary had been absent
b. why Mary was absent
c. why Mary had been absent
Jawaban : C (direct berbentuk Wh-question bentuk past tense jadi indirec berbentuk past perfect)
18. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
a. He said that the sun rose in the east and set in the west.
b. He said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
c. He asked if the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
Jawaban B : Verb tidak berubah (menjadi past) karena pernyataan berupa general truth.
19. I’m going to meet my penpal for the first time tomorrow.
a. She said she was going to meet her penpal for the first time the next day.
b. She said she was going to meet my penpal for the first time tomorrow.
c. She said she was going to meet her penpal for the first time tomorrow.
Jawaban A : Time reference “tomorrow” disesuaikan menjadi “the next day” atau “the following day”.
20. We have been here for a week.
a. They said they had been there for a week.
b. They said they had been here for a week.
c. They said we had been there for a week.
Jawaban A : “Here” pada direct speech diubah menjadi “there”.
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